Oncology by Mark Bower & Jonathan Waxman

Author:Mark Bower & Jonathan Waxman
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9781118842126
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2015-10-07T00:00:00+00:00

Lesions are further characterized pathologically by their microscopic appearance as either transitional cell carcinoma or squamous carcinoma. Approximately 90% of patients in the United Kingdom have transitional cell carcinomas. The remainder are squamous carcinomas, adenocarcinomas, or rarely lymphoma or small cell tumours. There may be squamous metaplasia present within a transitional cell carcinoma and this is thought to be indicative of a poor prognosis. Adenocarcinomas may arise in a urachal remnant or result from direct invasion from a colorectal primary tumour. The urachus, you will recall from embryology lectures, is the canal that drains the bladder in utero into the umbilical cord that subsequently becomes the median umbilical ligament.

The tumour should also be staged according to the T (tumour), N (node) and M (metastatic categories) system (Table 13.2; see Figures 1.12 and 3.1).

Table 13.2TNM staging of bladder cancer

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